Vulvovaginal candidiasis in pregnant women
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56294/piii2024327Keywords:
Vaginal candidiasis, Pregnant women, risk factors, proper treatment, preventionAbstract
Introduction: Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a candidiasis of the vulva, which is caused by species of Candida spp., and affects women worldwide. Pregnant women are more susceptible to CVV due to certain risk factors. In addition, it predisposes to premature birth. Objectives: To analyze the risk factors for vaginal candidiasis in pregnancy and highlight the importance of treating vaginal candidiasis during pregnancy as a risk prevention strategy for premature rupture of the membrane and preterm labor. Material and methods: A bibliographic, descriptive and retrospective review was carried out of documents published by scientific societies that describe the current diagnostic approach and complications of candidal vulvovaginitis in pregnancy, as well as research works and scientific articles that describe prevention and treatment of vulvovaginitis. For the bibliographic search, works published in the last 5 years will be included and several documentary sources will be reviewed considering key words such as: Candida albicans, pregnancy, vulvovaginal candidiasis and vaginitis, to identify relevant and pertinent scientific articles in English and Spanish pages. , in different databases such as: PubMed, Elsevier, NCBI, Google Scholar, medical bibliography and clinical practice guidelines will also be attached. Results: Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a common infection caused by yeasts of the genus Candida that affects pregnant women more frequently than at any other time in their lives. The prevalence of infection varies between countries, with rates ranging between 10% and 50% in Latin America. CVV during pregnancy can lead to complications such as premature birth, low birth weight, neonatal infection, and an increased risk of urinary tract infections. Treatment options for VVC during pregnancy include clotrimazole and miconazole vaginal creams or suppositories, while fluconazole is not recommended during the first trimester due to the risk of congenital malformations. Conclusion: treatment of vaginal candidiasis during pregnancy is important to prevent complications and ensure the health of the mother and fetus
References
Neves JD, Pinto E, Teixeira B, Dias G, Rocha P, Cunha TM, et al. Local treatment of vulvovaginal candidosis. Drugs [Internet]. 1 de enero de 2008;68(13):1787-802. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200868130-00002
Ferrer J. Vaginal candidosis: Epidemiological and etiological factors. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics [Internet]. 1 de diciembre de 2000;71(S1):21-7. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7292(00)00350-7
Eschenbach DA. Chronic vulvovaginal candidiasis. The New England Journal of Medicine [Internet]. 26 de agosto de 2004;351(9):851-2. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmp048152
Monif GRG, Baker DA. Infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology [Internet]. CRC Press eBooks. 2008. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3109/9781439801994
Ordóñez M. Staphylococcus aureus en las secreciones genitales [Internet]. Trib. méd. (Bogotá);99(2): 7185, feb. 1999. ilus, tab, graf LILACS. 1999. Disponible en: https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/lil-294149
Sobel JD, Faro S, Force RW, Foxman B, Ledger W, Nyirjesy P, et al. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Epidemiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology [Internet]. 1 de febrero de 1998;178(2):203-11. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9378(98)80001-x
Milson, Morton, Powell. Candidiasis vaginal. Patogénesis y tendencias en la terapia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985;152-956.
Bukonja, Maldonado, Reviakina, Dolande. Estudio comparativo entre el sistema ID 32C y el método convencional para la identificación de levaduras de interés clínico. Rev Soc Ven Microbiol. 1997;17:65-6.
Gonçalves B, Ferreira C, Alves C, Henriques M, Azeredo J, Silva S. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Epidemiology, microbiology and risk factors. Critical Reviews in Microbiology [Internet]. 21 de diciembre de 2015;42(6):905-27. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3109/1040841x.2015.1091805
Chatzivasileiou P, Vyzantiadis T. Vaginal yeast colonisation: From a potential Harmless condition to clinical implications and management Approaches— A literature review. Mycoses [Internet]. 23 de mayo de 2019;62(8):638-50. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12920
Betancourt E. Prevalencia de candidiasis vaginal en mujeres embarazadas de Quito-Ecuador:
Identificación de especies utilizando dos medios de cultivo [Internet]. VozAndes;23(2): 113-118, 2012. LILACS. 2012. Disponible en:
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/bi blio-1021293
Lopez-Garcia A. Prevalencia de diversas especies de candida en mujeres con displasia cervical en un hospital de la ciudad de Puebla, México [Internet]. 2012. Disponible en: https://www.medigraphic.com/cgibin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=34752
Romero R, Espinoza J, Kusanovic JP, Gotsch F, Hassan SS, Erez O, et al. The preterm parturition syndrome. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology [Internet]. 1 de diciembre de 2006;113(s3):17-42. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.01120.x
MacIntyre DA, Sykes L, Teoh TG, Bennett PR. Prevention of preterm labour via the modulation of inflammatory pathways. Journal of Maternal-fetal & Neonatal Medicine [Internet]. 13 de marzo de 2012;25(sup1):17-20. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2012.666114
Cauci S, Culhane JF. Modulation of vaginal immune response among pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis by Trichomonas vaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, and yeast. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
[Internet]. 1 de febrero de 2007;196(2):133.e1-133.e7. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2006.08.033
Discacciati MG, Simões JA, Da Silva MG, Marconi C, Brolazo EM, Costa ML, et al. Microbiological characteristics and inflammatory cytokines associated with preterm labor. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics [Internet]. 18 de marzo de 2010;283(3):501-8. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-010-1427-z
Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, Romero R. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. The Lancet [Internet]. 1 de enero de 2008;371(9606):75-84. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60074-4
Roberts CL, Morris JM, Rickard K, Giles WB, Simpson JM, Kotsiou G, et al. Protocol for a randomised Controlled trial of treatment of asymptomatic candidiasis for the prevention of preterm birth [ACTRN12610000607077]. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth [Internet]. 11 de marzo de 2011;11(1). Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-11-19
Lara Ávila, Morgan Ortiz, Muñoz Estrada, Rubio Rodríguez, Gómez Llanos, Lizárraga Gutiérrez. Infección por cándida y vaginosis bacteriana y su asociación con parto pretérmino y ruptura prematura de membranas. Rev Med UAS Nueva época. 2010;13-20.
Morgan, Moya, Mendez. Vista de vaginosis bacteriana – Actualización y novedad terapéutica | Revista Ciencia y Salud integrando conocimientos [Internet]. Disponible en: https://revistacienciaysalud.ac.cr/ojs/index.php/cie nciaysalud/article/view/387/491
Pineda-Murillo J. Candidosis vaginal: revisión de la literatura y situación de México y otros países latinoamericanos [Internet]. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0122-06672017000100009
Sangkomkamhang US, Lumbiganon P, Prasertcharoensuk W, Laopaiboon M. Antenatal lower genital tract infection screening and treatment programs for preventing preterm delivery. The Cochrane library [Internet]. 1 de febrero de 2015;2015(2). Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd006178.pub3
American Pregnancy Association. La candidiasis (Hongo) vaginal durante el embarazo [Internet]. American Pregnancy Association. 2021. Disponible en: https://americanpregnancy.org/es/healthypregnancy/pregnancy-complications/yeastinfections-during-pregnancy/
Aroca JJ, Martínez PR, Molina L, González AM, GarcíaArata I, Menchero SP. Epidemiology and Etiology of vulvovaginal candidiasis in Spanish and immigrants’ women in Fuenlabrada (Madrid). Revista española de quimioterapia : publicación oficial de la Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia [Internet]. 17 de abril de 2020;33(3):187-92. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.37201/req/099.2019
Soilán. Frecuencia de candidiasis vaginal en embarazadas del Hospital Nacional de Itauguá. Revista del Nacional (Itauguá) [Internet]. 2009;1(1):23-34. Disponible en: https://docs.bvsalud.org/biblioref/2020/08/1017751/v1n1a04.pdf
Vilella FJB, Zubizarreta E, Pérez-Camino AC, Valcarce RP, Queipo B, Patiño E, et al. Prevalencia de candidiasis vaginal en una población obstétrica de bajo riesgo en Santander. Atención Primaria [Internet]. 1 de enero de 2000;25(2):103-6.
Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0212-6567(00)78471-x
Duque CM. Candidiasis vulvovaginal en un grupo mujeres gestantes de Medellín [Internet]. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_artt ext&pid=S0123-93922009000100003&lng=en
Betancourt E. Prevalencia de candidiasis vaginal en mujeres embarazadas de Quito-Ecuador:
Identificación de especies utilizando dos medios de cultivo [Internet]. VozAndes;23(2): 113-118, 2012. LILACS. 2012. Disponible en:
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/bi blio-1021293
Álvarez P, Trujillo AMB, Hoyos MP, Castro GY, Lengua MD, Arechavala A. Vaginal colonization and vulvovaginitis by candida species in pregnant women from northern of Colombia. Archivos de medicina [Internet]. 20 de junio de 2018;18(1):51-9.
Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.30554/archmed.18.1.2010.2018
Aniebue U, Nwankwo T, Nwafor M. Vulvovaginal candidiasis in reproductive Age women in Enugu Nigeria, Clinical versus laboratory-assisted diagnosis. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice [Internet]. 1 de enero de 2018;21(8):1017. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.4103/njcp.njcp_25_16
Brot C, Ménard JP, Bretelle F. Infecciones cervicovaginales durante el embarazo: recomendaciones. EMC - Ginecología-Obstetricia [Internet]. 1 de febrero de 2019;55(1):1-11. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1283-081x(19)41711-6
Nagashima M, Yamagishi Y, Mikamo H. Antifungal susceptibilities of candida species isolated from the patients with vaginal candidiasis. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy [Internet]. 1 de febrero de
;22(2):124-6. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2015.08.008
Tapia C, Hermosilla G, Fortes PR, Alburquenque C, Bucarey SA, Salinas H, et al. Genotyping and persistence of candida albicans from pregnant women with vulvovaginal candidiasis. Mycopathologia [Internet]. 23 de noviembre de 2016;182(3-4):339-47. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-016-0095-3
Pacora P, Romero R, Erez O, Maymon E, Panaitescu B, Kusanovic JP, et al. The diagnostic performance of the beta-glucan assay in the detection of intraamniotic infection withCandidaspecies. Journal of Maternal-fetal & Neonatal Medicine [Internet]. 27 de diciembre de 2017;32(10):1703-20. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2017.1416083
Abarca MIS. Tratamiento de candidiasis vaginal en mujer embarazada, en la ciudad de Quito, periodo marzo-noviembre del 2020 [Internet]. 2021. Disponible en: https://biomedicaljournal.espe.edu.ec/index.php/bi omedical/article/view/224
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Heloísa Fernanda Carvalho de Paula (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The article is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Unless otherwise stated, associated published material is distributed under the same licence.
